O autismo é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento que afeta cerca de 1% da população, pesquisa realizada nos Estados Unidos e em outros países. Não se sabe ao certo se temos feito mais diagnósticos, devido o conhecimento do TEA (Transtorno do Espectro Autista) e a mudança do DSM-V, ou se realmente existe um aumento da frequência do transtorno.
Os sintomas do TEA são percebidos por volta dos 2 anos de idade, em alguns casos podemos notar sinais antes mesmo de seu primeiro ano de vida. O TEA é caracterizado por sua diversidade, existem vários graus de gravidade. Cada indivíduo tem a sua peculiaridade, sendo um distúrbio de desenvolvimento bastante complexo. Pensando no diagnóstico, ele é caracterizado pelo prejuízo da comunicação social, interação, além de comportamentos repetitivos e um repertório restrito de interesses.
Como estamos falando de graus de gravidade, o indivíduo pode demonstrar suas dificuldades de diversas formas, como se isolar; ter um pobre contato visual; falta de empatia social ou emocional; dificuldade na comunicação, tanto verbal quanto não verbal…
Quanto ao tratamento, por ser um distúrbio complexo e afetar diversas áreas, é necessário que o paciente receba intervenção multidisciplinar. Cabe ao neuropsicólogo avaliar essas funções e fazer o encaminhamento necessário para cada caso. Os principais profissionais envolvidos são os neuropediatras, psiquiatras, neuropsicólogos, psicólogos, fonoaudiólogos, terapeutas ocupacionais…
Quando pensamos em intervenções comportamentais e educacionais, existem alguns métodos que se propõe a trabalhar com o TEA. O primeiro deles é um método tradicional comportamental, conhecido por ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis), ele utiliza de princípios fundamentais da teoria da aprendizagem a fim de melhorar os comportamentos socialmente relevantes; O Floortime e o RDI (Relationship Development Intervention), são métodos que utilizam a teoria do desenvolvimento, sendo considerado um modelo mais abrangente de tratamento; e por último o método TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Comunication-handicapped Children), é um modelo de ensino estruturado que combina estratégias cognitivas e comportamentais para a modificação de comportamentos desajustados.
Citei os principais métodos de intervenção, a escolha do método é bastante pessoal, cabe à família observar os efeitos do tratamento e se necessário fazer a troca. O que dá certo pra um, pode não dar para o outro! Queremos desenvolver as habilidades dessas crianças mantendo-as felizes!
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